glossary

The Ben Franklin effect is the finding that people like you more after doing you a small favour, because they infer their feelings from their own behaviour.
Choice architecture is the way options are arranged and described before anyone chooses, which decides the choice as much as the options do.
Costly signalling is the mechanism by which a message becomes believable because it visibly cost something to send, whether or not its content is read.
Defensive decision-making is choosing the option that is easiest to defend if it fails, rather than the one most likely to work.
Expectation versus experience is the rule that satisfaction is scored against the prediction that preceded it, so raising expectations raises your own pass mark.
The explore–exploit trade-off is the choice between repeating what already works (exploiting) and spending some effort on things that might not (exploring), where the second is the only source of anything new.
A fat-tailed distribution is one where a small fraction of outcomes carries almost all of the value, so the average describes nothing that matters.
The framing effect is the change in how much something is worth, or how it feels, when the same fact is presented against a different comparison.
A local maximum is a position that cannot be improved by any small change, so that getting anywhere better first means getting worse.
Long copy is explanatory text that does its job whether or not it is read, because its visible existence signals there is something to substantiate.
Mental availability is how readily you come to mind, unprompted, when someone has a need you could meet; being known changes the direction the effort runs.
Most advanced yet acceptable is the design principle that a new thing spreads only as far as it still resembles something people already accept; advancement and acceptability are separate axes.
Option becomes obligation is the pattern where a new tool or channel arrives as a choice and, once enough people adopt it, turns into the baseline everyone is judged against for refusing.
Outer work is not content production or marketing tactics—it is identity made legible through contribution.
Over-optimisation is tuning each part of a system so tightly to what is measured that the system loses the unmeasured things that made it work.
The peak-end rule is the finding that people judge an experience by its most intense moment and its final moment, not by the average of the whole.
Every personal brand is positioned—either by design or by default. This article shows how to deliberately claim that space across price, complexity, AI stance, philosophy, and authenticity so you shift from “just another option” to a clear category of one.
Quantification bias is the habit of treating whatever can be counted as important and whatever cannot as unimportant, regardless of which one moves the outcome.
Reverse benchmarking is studying what the leaders in your field do badly and doing that conspicuously well, instead of copying what they do well.
Social copying is adopting something because you have seen someone like you do it, which is why new things spread along an S-curve rather than a straight line.
The surprise effect is the disproportionate weight the mind gives to what it did not predict, which is why an unexpected small detail is remembered when hours of competent work are not.
A T-shaped marketer is deep in one thing and broad across many, where the breadth is raw material for the depth rather than time away from it.
A two-way door decision is one you can walk back through; the mistake is holding it to the standard built for decisions you cannot reverse.
Uncertainty versus duration is the observation that what people dislike about waiting is rarely the length of the wait but not knowing what is happening inside it.